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DNA deoxyribonucleic acid double helix nucleotides adenine thymine guanine cytosine phosphate sugar backbone strands bases pairs genetic code instructions information molecule biology biochemistry genetics chromosomes genes proteins amino acids nucleic acids purines pyrimidines deoxyribose ribose nitrogenous bases double bond single bond covalent bond hydrogen bond hydrophobic interactions hydrophilic interactions van der Waals forces electrostatic interactions nucleosome histone chromatin supercoiling DNA replication DNA repair DNA recombination